The study also said "With rural women mostly employed as helper or casual worker, the switch to unskilled work in other sectors was limited considering their educational profile. Thus women in rural areas can be said to have experienced more of a discouraged worker effect that further pushed them out of the labour market.”

Throughout the country, except Himachal Pradesh,  every state has experienced a major rise in gender gap between 2004-2005 and 2011-2012. The states showing higher percent of rise include Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Jharkhand and Odisha.

D Jayaraj, a professor of Institute of Development Studies said "While there is a rise in real wages of women labour force after introduction of MGNREGS, younger women in the school and college going ages are migrating to towns for education. It is only the older women, who have lost employment opportunities."

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